Pregled
Aditivi za živila (E-številke)
Aditiv je mogoče poiskati po E-številki ali imenu. Forkin spremlja 639 aditivov, razvrščenih po ocenah organov. Izbira kode odpre profil.
Regulativne ravni temeljijo na ponovnih ocenah in ocenah izpostavljenosti EFSA, monografijah IARC, registru EU, obveznih opozorilih, razvrstitvah ECHA, ocenah JECFA in nacionalnih ukrepih. Samo informativno — ne gre za zdravstveno ali prehransko svetovanje. Za uvod v E-številke je na voljo vodnik o odobritvah in prepovedih aditivov v EU.
- E102Tartrazine
- E104Quinoline rumeno
- E110Sunset rumeno FCF
- E122Azorubine (Carmoisine)
- E124Ponceau 4R (Cochineal rdeče A)
- E129Allura rdeče AC
- E150CAmmonia Caramel
- E220Sulphur Dioxide
- E221natrijev sulfit
- E222natrijev Hydrogen sulfit
- E223natrijev Metabisulphite
- E224kalijev Metabisulphite
- E225kalcijev Disulphite
- E226kalcijev sulfit
- E227kalcijev bisulphite
- E228kalijev bisulphite
- E338Phosphoric kislina
- E339natrijev phosphates
- E339IMonosodium fosfat
- E339IIDisodium fosfat
- E339IIITrisodium fosfat
- E340kalijev phosphates
- E340IMonopotassium fosfat
- E340IIDipotassium fosfat
- E340IIITripotassium fosfat
- E341kalcijev phosphates
- E341IMonocalcium fosfat
- E341IIDicalcium fosfat
- E341IIITricalcium fosfat
- E343magnezijev phosphates
- E343IMonomagnesium fosfat
- E343IIDimagnesium fosfat
- E407Carrageenan
- E407AProcessed Eucheuma Seaweed
- E450Diphosphates
- E450IDisodium diphosphate
- E450IITrisodium diphosphate
- E450IIITetrasodium diphosphate
- E450IVdipotassium dihydrogenpyrophosphate
- E450VTetrapotassium diphosphate
- E450VIDicalcium diphosphate
- E450VIIkalcijev dihydrogen diphosphate
- E450VIIIDiphosphate (variant viii)
- E451Triphosphates
- E451IPentasodium triphosphate
- E451IIPentapotassium triphosphate
- E452Polyphosphates
- E452Inatrijev polyphosphate
- E452IIkalijev polyphosphate
- E452IIInatrijev kalcijev polyphosphate
- E452IVkalcijev polyphosphate
- E452VAmmonium polyphosphate
- E452VInatrijev tripolyphosphate
- E459Beta-cyclodextrine
- E473Sucrose esters of fatty acids
- E474Sucroglycerides
- E481natrijev stearoyl-2-lactylate
- E482kalcijev stearoyl-2-lactylate
- E924kalijev bromate
- E125Scarlet GN
- E133Brilliant modro FCF
- E150Dsulfit Ammonia Caramel
- E210Benzoic kislina
- E211natrijev Benzoate
- E212kalijev Benzoate
- E213kalcijev Benzoate
- E284Boric kislina
- E320Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA)
- E432Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate
- E433Polysorbate 80
- E434Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate
- E435Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate
- E436Polyoxyethylene sorbitan tristearate
- E620Glutamic kislina
- E621Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)
- E622Monopotassium Glutamate
- E623kalcijev Diglutamate
- E624Monoammonium Glutamate
- E625magnezijev Diglutamate
- E951Aspartame
- E960Steviol Glycosides (Stevia)
- E100Curcumin
- E141bakrov Complexes of Chlorophyll
- E141Ibakrov complexes of chlorophylls
- E141IIbakrov complexes of chlorophyllins
- E150APlain Caramel
- E150BCaustic sulfit Caramel
- E160AIBeta-carotene
- E160AIIPlant carotenes
- E160BAnnatto
- E160EBeta-apo-8′-carotenal (c30)
- E160FEthyl ester of beta-apo-8'-carotenic kislina (C 30)
- E161BLutein
- E170kalcijev carbonates
- E170Ikalcijev karbonat
- E170IIkalcijev hydrogen karbonat
- E172železov Oxides and Hydroxides
- E172IBlack železov oxide
- E172IIrdeče železov oxide
- E172IIIrumeno železov oxide
- E174Silver
- E243Ethyl lauroyl arginate
- E311Octyl Gallate
- E312Dodecyl Gallate
- E321Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT)
- E334L(+)-tartaric kislina
- E335natrijev tartrates
- E335IMonosodium tartrate
- E335IIDisodium tartrate
- E336kalijev tartrates
- E336IMonopotassium tartrate
- E336IIDipotassium tartrate
- E337kalijev natrijev tartrate
- E354kalcijev tartrate
- E460IMicrocrystalline cellulose
- E472EMono- and diacetyltartaric kislina esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
- E475Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids
- E483Stearyl tartrate
- E491Sorbitan monostearate
- E492Sorbitan tristearate
- E493Sorbitan monolaurate
- E494Sorbitan monooleate
- E495Sorbitan monopalmitate
- E520Aluminium sulfat
- E521Aluminium natrijev sulfat
- E522Aluminium kalijev sulfat
- E523Aluminium ammonium sulfat
- E535natrijev ferrocyanide
- E536kalijev ferrocyanide
- E538kalcijev ferrocyanide
- E541natrijev aluminium fosfat
- E541Ikislina natrijev aluminium fosfat
- E541IIAlkaline natrijev aluminium fosfat
- E551Silicon dioxide
- E554natrijev aluminium silicate
- E555kalijev aluminium silicate
- E556kalcijev aluminium silicate
- E558Bentonite
- E559Aluminium silicate
- E950Acesulfame kalijev (Acesulfame-K)
- E952Cyclamate (Cyclamic kislina and Salts)
- E955Sucralose
- E1000Cholic kislina
- E1001Choline salt
- E101Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
- E101IRiboflavin
- E101IIRiboflavin-5′-fosfat
- E103Alkannin
- E105Fast rumeno AB
- E106flavin mononucleotide
- E107rumeno 2G
- E1100Alpha-Amylase
- E1101Protease
- E1102Glucose oxidase
- E1103Invertase
- E1104lipase
- E1105Lysozyme
- E111Orange GGN
- E120Cochineal/Carmine
- E1200Polydextrose
- E1201Polyvinylpyrrolidone
- E1202Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone
- E1203Polyvinyl alcohol
- E1204Pullulan
- E1205Basic methacrylate copolymer
- E1206Neutral methacrylate copolymer
- E1207Anionic methacrylate copolymer
- E1208Polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer
- E1209Polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol-graft-co-polymer
- E121Citrus rdeče 2
- E1210Carbomer
- E126Ponceau 6R
- E130Indanthrene modro RS
- E132Indigotine (Indigo Carmine)
- E140Chlorophylls and Chlorophyllins
- E1400Dextrin
- E1401kislina-treated modified škrob
- E1402Alkaline modified škrob
- E1403Bleached škrob
- E1404Oxidised škrob
- E1405Enzyme treated škrob
- E140IChlorophylls
- E140IIChlorophyllins
- E1410Monostarch fosfat
- E1411Distarch glycerol
- E1412Distarch fosfat
- E1413Phosphated distarch fosfat
- E1414Acetylated distarch fosfat
- E1420Acetylated škrob
- E1421Acetylated škrob
- E1422Acetylated distarch adipate
- E1423Acetylated distarch glycerol
- E143Fast zeleno FCF
- E1430Distarch glycerine
- E1440Hydroxypropyl škrob
- E1441Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerine
- E1442Hydroxypropyl distarch fosfat
- E1443Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerol
- E1450škrob natrijev octenyl succinate
- E1451Acetylated oxidised škrob
- E1452škrob aluminium octenyl succinate
- E150Caramel
- E1503Castor oil
- E1504ethyl acetate
- E1505Triethyl citrate
- E1510Ethanol
- E1517Glyceryl diacetate
- E1518Glyceryl triacetate
- E1519Benzyl alcohol
- E152Black 7984
- E1520Propylene Glycol
- E1521Polyethylene glycol
- E153Vegetable Carbon (Carbon Black)
- E160Carotenoids
- E160ACarotenes
- E160AIIIBeta-carotene from blakeslea trispora
- E160AIVAlgal carotenes
- E160BIAnnatto bixin
- E160BIIAnnatto norbixin
- E160CPaprika Extract
- E160DLycopene
- E161Xanthophylls
- E161AFlavoxanthin
- E161CCryptoaxanthin
- E161DRubixanthin
- E161EViolaxanthin
- E161FRhodoxanthin
- E161GCanthaxanthin
- E161HZeaxanthin
- E161ICitranaxanthin
- E161JAstaxanthin
- E162Beetroot rdeče
- E163Anthocyanins
- E163ACyanidin
- E163BDelphinidin
- E163CMalvidin
- E163DPelargonidin
- E163EPeonidin
- E163FPetunidin
- E164saffron
- E165Gardenia modro
- E166Sandalwood
- E173Aluminium
- E175Gold
- E181Tannin
- E182Orcein
- E200Sorbic kislina
- E201natrijev sorbate
- E202kalijev Sorbate
- E203kalcijev Sorbate
- E209Heptylparaben
- E214Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate
- E215natrijev ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate
- E216Propyl para-hydroxybenzoate
- E217natrijev propyl para-hydroxybenzoate
- E218Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate
- E219natrijev methyl p-hydroxybenzoate
- E230Biphenyl
- E231Orthophenyl phenol
- E232natrijev orthophenyl phenol
- E233Thiabendazole
- E234Nisin
- E235Natamycin
- E236Formic kislina
- E237natrijev formiate
- E238kalcijev formiate
- E239Hexamethylene tetramine
- E241Gum Guaicum
- E242Dimethyl dicarbonate
- E246Glycolipids
- E260Acetic kislina
- E261kalijev acetate
- E262natrijev acetates
- E262Inatrijev acetate
- E262IInatrijev diacetate
- E263kalcijev acetate
- E264Ammonium acetate
- E265Dehydroacetic kislina
- E266natrijev dehydroacetate
- E267Buffered vinegar
- E270Lactic kislina
- E280Propionic kislina
- E281natrijev Propionate
- E282kalcijev Propionate
- E283kalijev propionate
- E285natrijev tetraborate (borax)
- E290Carbon dioxide
- E296Malic kislina
- E297Fumaric kislina
- E300Ascorbic kislina (Vitamin C)
- E301natrijev Ascorbate
- E302kalcijev Ascorbate
- E303kalijev ascorbate
- E304Fatty kislina esters of ascorbic kislina
- E304IAscorbyl palmitate
- E304IIAscorbyl stearate
- E306Tocopherols (Vitamin E)
- E307Alpha-tocopherol
- E307AD-Alpha-tocopherol
- E307Bconcentrated tocopherol
- E307CDL-Alpha-tocopherol
- E308Gamme-tocopherol
- E309Delta-tocopherol
- E310Propyl Gallate
- E313Ethyl gallate
- E314Guaiacum
- E315Erythorbic kislina
- E316natrijev erythorbate
- E317Erythorbin kislina
- E318kalcijev erythorbin
- E319Tertiary-Butyl Hydroquinone (TBHQ)
- E322Lecithins
- E322AOat lecithin
- E322ILecithin
- E322IIPartially hydrolyzed lecithin
- E323Anoxomer
- E324Ethoxyquin
- E325natrijev lactate
- E326kalijev lactate
- E327kalcijev lactate
- E328ammonium lactate
- E329magnezijev lactate
- E330Citric kislina
- E331natrijev citrates
- E331IMonosodium citrate
- E331IIDisodium citrate
- E331IIITrisodium citrate
- E332kalijev citrates
- E332IMonopotassium citrate
- E332IITripotassium citrate
- E333kalcijev citrates
- E333IMonocalcium citrate
- E333IIDicalcium citrate
- E333IIITricalcium citrate
- E342Ammonium fosfat
- E344Lecithin citrate
- E345magnezijev citrate
- E349ammonium malate
- E350natrijev malates
- E350Inatrijev malate
- E350IInatrijev hydrogen malate
- E351kalijev malate
- E352kalcijev malates
- E352Ikalcijev malate
- E352IIkalcijev hydrogen malate
- E353Metatartaric kislina
- E355Adipic kislina
- E356natrijev adipate
- E357kalijev adipate
- E359ammonium adipate
- E363Succinic kislina
- E365natrijev fumarate
- E366kalijev fumarate
- E367kalcijev fumarate
- E368ammonium fumarate
- E369Alanin
- E3701‚4-Heptonolactone
- E375Nicotinic kislina
- E380Triammonium citrate
- E381ferric ammonium citrate
- E383kalcijev glycerophosphate
- E384Isopropyl citrates
- E385kalcijev disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate
- E388Thiodipropionic kislina
- E391Phytic kislina
- E392Extracts of Rosemary
- E399kalcijev lactobionate
- E400Alginic kislina
- E401natrijev alginate
- E402kalijev alginate
- E403Ammonium alginate
- E404kalcijev alginate
- E405Propane-1‚2-diol alginate
- E406Agar
- E408Bakers yeast glycan
- E409Arabinogalactan
- E410Locust bean gum
- E412Guar gum
- E413Tragacanth
- E414Acacia gum
- E415Xanthan gum
- E416Karaya-gum
- E417Tara gum
- E418Gellan gum
- E419Gum ghatti
- E420Sorbitol
- E420ID-sorbitol
- E420IISorbitol syrup
- E421Mannitol
- E422Glycerol
- E424Curdlan
- E425Konjac
- E425IKonjac gum
- E425IIKonjac glucomannan
- E426Soybean hemicellulose
- E427Cassia gum
- E428Gelatine
- E429peptone
- E430Polyoxyethylene (8) stearate
- E431Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate
- E440Pectins
- E440APectin
- E440AIInatrijev pectate
- E440AIIIkalijev pectate
- E440AIVAmmonium Pectate
- E440Bpectin amide
- E440Inon-amidated pectines
- E440IIAmidated pectin
- E441Superglycerinated hydrogenated rapeseed oil
- E442Ammonium phosphatides
- E444Sucrose acetate isobutyrate
- E445Glycerol esters of wood rosin
- E446Succistearin
- E457Alpha-Cyclodextrine
- E458Gamma-Cyclodextrine
- E460Cellulose
- E460IIPowdered cellulose
- E461methyl cellulose
- E462Ethyl cellulose
- E463Hydroxypropyl cellulose
- E464Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
- E465Ethyl methyl cellulose
- E466Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)
- E467Ethulose
- E468Cross-linked natrijev carboxymethylcellulose
- E469Enzymatically hydrolysed carboxymethylcellulose
- E470natrijev/kalijev/kalcijev and magnezijev salts of fatty acids
- E470Anatrijev/kalijev and kalcijev salts of fatty acids
- E470AInatrijev salts of fatty acids
- E470AIIkalijev salts of fatty acids
- E470AIIIkalcijev salts of fatty acids
- E470Bmagnezijev salts of fatty acids
- E471Mono- and Diglycerides of Fatty Acids
- E472kislina esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
- E472AAcetic kislina Esters of Mono- and Diglycerides
- E472BLactic kislina esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
- E472CCitric kislina esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
- E472DTartaric kislina esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
- E472FMixed acetic and tartaric kislina esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
- E472GSuccinylated monoglycerides
- E473AOligoesters of sucrose type I
- E476Polyglycerol polyricinoleate
- E477Propane-1‚2-diol esters of fatty acids
- E478Lactylated fatty kislina esters of glycerol and propane-1
- E479BThermally oxidised soya bean oil interacted with mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
- E484Stearyl citrate
- E485natrijev stearoyl fumarate
- E486kalcijev stearoyl fumarate
- E487natrijev dodecyl sulfat
- E488Ethoxylated Mono- and Di-Glycerides
- E489Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester
- E490Propylene glycol
- E496Sorbitan trioleate
- E500natrijev Carbonates
- E500Inatrijev karbonat
- E500IInatrijev hydrogen karbonat
- E500IIInatrijev sesquicarbonate
- E501kalijev carbonates
- E501Ikalijev karbonat
- E501IIkalijev hydrogen karbonat
- E502Carbonates
- E503Ammonium carbonates
- E503IAmmonium karbonat
- E503IIAmmonium hydrogen karbonat
- E504magnezijev carbonates
- E504Imagnezijev karbonat
- E504IImagnezijev hydroxide karbonat
- E505Ferrous karbonat
- E507Hydrochloric kislina
- E508kalijev klorid
- E509kalcijev klorid
- E510Ammonium klorid
- E511magnezijev klorid
- E512Stannous klorid (Tin)
- E513Sulphuric kislina
- E514natrijev sulphates
- E514Inatrijev sulfat
- E514IInatrijev hydrogen sulfat
- E515kalijev sulphates
- E515Ikalijev sulfat
- E515IIkalijev hydrogen sulfat
- E516kalcijev sulfat
- E517Ammonium sulfat
- E518magnezijev sulfat
- E519bakrov sulfat
- E524natrijev hydroxide
- E525kalijev hydroxide
- E526kalcijev hydroxide
- E527Ammonium hydroxide
- E528magnezijev hydroxide
- E529kalcijev oxide
- E530magnezijev oxide
- E537ferrous hexacyanomanganate
- E539natrijev thiosulfate
- E540Dicalcium diphosphate
- E542Bone fosfat
- E544kalcijev polyphosphate
- E545Ammonium polyphosphate
- E546magnezijev pyrophosphate
- E550natrijev silicate
- E552kalcijev silicate
- E553magnezijev silicates
- E553Asynthetic magnezijev silicates
- E553AISynthetic magnezijev silicate
- E553AIImagnezijev trisilicate
- E553BTalc
- E557hemimorphite
- E560kalijev silicate
- E570Fatty acids
- E571Ammonium stearate
- E572magnezijev stearate
- E573Aluminium stearate
- E574Gluconic kislina
- E575Glucono-delta-lactone
- E576natrijev gluconate
- E577kalijev gluconate
- E578kalcijev gluconate
- E579železov gluconate
- E580magnezijev Gluconate
- E585Ferrous lactate
- E5864-hexylresorcinol
- E626Guanylic kislina
- E627Disodium Guanylate
- E628Dipotassium guanylate
- E629kalcijev guanylate
- E630Inosinic kislina
- E631Disodium Inosinate
- E632Dipotassium inosinate
- E633kalcijev inosinate
- E634kalcijev 5'-ribonucleotide
- E635Disodium 5'-ribonucleotide
- E636Maltol
- E637Ethyl maltol
- E638natrijev L-aspartate
- E640Glycine and its natrijev salt
- E640IGlycine
- E640IISodiumglycinate
- E641Leucine
- E642Lysine hydrochloride
- E650Zinc acetate
- E710Spiramycin
- E713Tylosin
- E900Dimethyl Polysiloxane (Polydimethylsiloxane)
- E900ADimethyl polysiloxane
- E900BMethylphenylpolysiloxane
- E901white and rumeno beeswax
- E902Candelilla vosek
- E903Carnauba vosek
- E904Shellac
- E905Synthetic vosek
- E905Amineral oil
- E905Bpetroleum jelly
- E905CPetroleum vosek
- E905CIMicrocrystalline vosek
- E905CIIParaffin vosek
- E905DMineral oil high viscosity
- E905EMineral oil medium viscosity
- E905FMineral oil medium and low viscosity class II
- E905GMineral oil medium and low viscosity class III
- E906Benzoin resin
- E907Hydrogenated poly-1-decene
- E908Rice bran vosek
- E909Spermaceti
- E910vosek ester
- E911Fatty kislina methyl ester
- E912Montanic kislina esters
- E913Lanolin
- E914Oxidised polyethylene vosek
- E915Esters of Colophane
- E916kalcijev iodate
- E917kalijev iodate
- E918Nitrogen oxides
- E919Nitrosyl klorid
- E920l-cysteine
- E921L-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate
- E922kalijev persulfate
- E923ammonium persulfate
- E924Akalijev bromate
- E924Bkalcijev bromate
- E925Chlorine
- E926Chlorine dioxide
- E927Azodicarbonamide and Carbamide
- E927AAzodicarbonamide
- E927BCarbamide
- E928Benzole peroxide
- E929acetone peroxide
- E930kalcijev peroxide
- E931Nitrogen
- E932Nitrogen oxide
- E938Argon
- E939Helium
- E940Dichlorodifluoromethane
- E941Nitrogen
- E942Nitrous oxide
- E943AButane
- E943BIsobutane
- E944Propane
- E945chloropentafluoroethane
- E946octafluorocyclobutane
- E948Oxygen
- E949Hydrogen
- E953isomalt
- E954Saccharin and its Salts
- E956Alitame
- E957Thaumatin
- E958Glycyrrhizin
- E959Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone
- E960ASteviol glycosides from Stevia
- E960BRebaudioside from multiple gene donors expressed in Yarrowia lipolityca
- E960CEnzymatically produced steviol glycosides
- E960DGlucosylated steviol glycosides
- E961Neotame
- E962Salt of aspartame-acesulfame
- E963Tagatose
- E964Polyglycitol syrup
- E965Maltitol
- E965ID-Maltitol
- E965IIMaltitol syrup
- E966Lactitol
- E967Xylitol
- E968Erythritol
- E969Advantame
- E999Quillaia extract
20 najpogostejših aditivov
Razvrščeno po številu izdelkov v katalogu Forkin, ki vsebujejo posamezen aditiv; podatki izvirajo iz naše obogatitve sestavin in ne iz anket.
- 1E330Citric kislina325.684
- 2E322Lecithins217.933
- 3E300Ascorbic kislina (Vitamin C)132.473
- 4E415Xanthan gum111.168
- 5E250natrijev nitrit100.558
- 6E471Mono- and Diglycerides of Fatty Acids96.517
- 7E202kalijev Sorbate92.895
- 8E375Nicotinic kislina81.624
- 9E500IInatrijev hydrogen karbonat81.207
- 10E412Guar gum80.140
- 11E1400Dextrin74.522
- 12E101IRiboflavin62.541
- 13E301natrijev Ascorbate56.670
- 14E270Lactic kislina50.705
- 15E331IIITrisodium citrate46.889
- 16E211natrijev Benzoate41.562
- 17E422Glycerol38.132
- 18E450IDisodium diphosphate35.289
- 19E410Locust bean gum34.777
- 20E950Acesulfame kalijev (Acesulfame-K)33.787
Brskanje po funkciji
Referenčni seznami po funkciji — barvilo, konzervans, emulgator, sladilo in drugo.
Vprašanja o E-številkah
- Kaj je E-številka?
- To je koda aditiva, ocenjenega in odobrenega v EU in Efti. E pomeni Evropo. E100–E199 so barvila; E200–E299 konzervansi; E300–E399 antioksidanti in regulatorji kislosti; E400–E499 sredstva za zgoščevanje, stabilizatorji in emulgatorji.
- Kaj pove E-številka?
- Sama ne določa regulativne ravni; potrjuje, da je aditiv odobren in opredeljen. Forkin aditive razvršča po ocenah organov in ne podaja splošnih zdravstvenih trditev.
- Katere E-številke so prepovedane?
- Prepovedi se med državami razlikujejo in se lahko spremenijo ob ponovni oceni dokazov. Forkin označuje prepovedane ali močno omejene aditive; aplikacija prikazuje omejitve po državah.
- Ali so E-številke veganske?
- Odvisno je od aditiva in njegovega vira. Mnogi lahko izvirajo iz rastlinskih, mineralnih ali živalskih surovin, etiketa pa vir navede le redko. Aplikacija prikazuje preverjen veganski in vegetarijanski status posameznega izdelka.
Metoda: Razvrstitve Forkin upoštevajo ponovne ocene in ocene izpostavljenosti EFSA, monografije IARC, register EU, obvezna opozorila, razvrstitve ECHA, ocene JECFA in nacionalne ukrepe. Glejte stran z metodologijo s celotnimi merili.